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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances | |
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| 330 BC |
| | | As a conclusive end to the long rivalry between Greece and Persia, Alexander destroys the great palace of Xerxes at Persepolis | |
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| 330 BC |
| | | Alexander adopts the ceremonial dress and court rituals of of his new Persian empire | |
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| 330 BC |
| | | Alexander begins two years moving with his army through his vast new territories, establishing Greek settlements | |
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| 324 BC |
| | | Back in Persia, to emphasize that Greece and Persia are now one, Alexander marries eighty of his senior officers to Persian wives | |
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| 324 BC |
| | | Alexander and his companion Hephaestion marry daughters of Darius III | |
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| 324 BC |
| | | When the army reaches Ecbatana, Hephaestion dies of a fever and the grief-stricken Alexander erects shrines in his memory | |
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